Purpose: Children with chronic lung disease have more morbidity than preterm children with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) overinfection and even compared to heart disease, and could benefit from this prophylaxis. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics and the RSV hospitalization rate in pediatric patients with chronic lung disease who received prophylaxis with palivizumab (PVZ) in the 2011-2012 RSV outbreak.
Patients and methods: Retrospective study was designed and patients with chronic lung disease who have received prophylaxis with PVZ in the previous RSV season were included.
Results: Of 74 patients included, 55% were males. Mean age at the beginning of prophylaxis in the season 2011-2012 was 15.7 ± 13.8 months. Sixty-nine percent (51/74) of them received complete prophylaxis with PVZ and 31% (23/74) received incomplete prophylaxis. None of the patients withdrew prophylaxis due to an adverse reaction. Mean administrated doses were 4.7 ± 0.8. From all, 27% (20/74) suffered at least one respiratory relapse, with or without hospitalization, and 6.7% (5/74) a second relapse. In only 2/20 of those with any relapse the responsible infectious agent was RSV. Both patients (100%) with RSV infection required hospitalization, while 45.5% (8/18) of the patients in the other group. Hospitalization rate due to RSV infection for our study sample was 2.7.
Conclusions: Hospitalization rate obtained in our study was within the range found in previous reports in patients with other chronic conditions who have received prophylaxis with PVZ which may suggest a health benefit in patients with chronic lung diseases.

Introduction: There is a big unawareness about a long term respiratory mucous immune system evolution in the preterm infant. Immaturity and respiratory infections can have a big influence on the mucous immune responses. This investigation's purpose is the evaluation of respiratory secretion of inflammatory immunological mediators in the first year of a preterm infant.

Patients and methods: Between October 2008 and April 2009, 77 preterm infants were born in 6 pediatric services of Castilla y Leon, plus to another 14 healthy controls results. Children were invited on their first corrected gestational age and the ones of healthy controls results. Nasal washing were applied to determine 27 immunological mediators' levels by applying a Biorad test.

Results: The preterm infants has higher chemokine (eotaxin, IP-10), cytokines Th-1 (IFN-), Th-2 (IL-13), Th-17 (IL-17) and cell growing factors (PDGF-bb, VEGF, FGF-b, G-CSF and GM-CSF) levels than a healthy control results children. When a comparison was made between children that received prophylaxis for their respiratory syncytial virus with palivizumab and the ones that did not receive it, the second group showed higher MCP-1, IL-1RA, IL-10, IL-12p70 and VEGF (p

Conclusions: This work proves, for the first time, the influence of the premature birth on chemokine and cytokines respiratory secretion levels in a long term concepts. On other hand, our results indicate that prophylaxis impact in the respiratory infection is an interesting way to understand respiratory mucous immune response maturation in the preterm infant.

Objective: The objective of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of palivizumab to prevent respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection when administered to former preterm infants 32¹ to 35⁰ weeks' gestation aged less than 6 months at the beginning of RSV season using any of the possible combinations of known risk factors for RSV hospitalization.

Patients and methods: Data were retrieved from the FLIP-2 study database. Infants without risk factors were excluded. The database included 627 infants who received palivizumab and 4,092 who did not. Seven accumulative subgroups were established according to the combinations of risk factors combining two "major factors" (chronological age less than 10 weeks at the beginning of RSV season or being born during the first 10 weeks of the season; school-age siblings or daycare attendance) and two "minor factors" (mother smoking during pregnancy; male gender). Absolute risk, relative risk, and number needed to treat (NNT) were obtained for each subgroup.

Results:In each subgroup, birth weight and gestational age were significantly lower in palivizumab treated infants. The combination "2 major factors" showed a NNT of [13.5], and when merged with "1 major factor or 2 minor factors" the NNT reached 15.1. Combination requesting only one risk factor either major or minor corresponded by design to the global study. 186 patients of the treated group (4.55%) and 9 patients of the non-treated group (1.44%) were admitted to the hospital, of the treated (p

Conclusion: In former preterm infants 32¹ to 35⁰ weeks' gestation with chronological age less than10 weeks at the beginning of RSV season (or being born during the first 10 weeks of the season) and with school-age siblings or daycare attendance, 14 should be treated with palivizumab to prevent one RSV hospitalization.